Launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and
landing 185 km northwest of Tselinograd.
The spacecraft approached the
station the next day, and it contacted the forward port, but
Soyuz 25
failed to make a hard dock with the
station. The cosmonauts told the ground crew that they had attempted to dock
four times, but that the contact light failed to come on. While the crew waited
in soft dock - the docking system probe was latched onto the
Salyut docking drogue, but the probe had failed to
retract and bring the craft together - the ground crew studied the problem. On
the 20
th orbit, Vladimir
Kovalyonok undocked the
Soyuz, and attempted to dock for the fifth time during
the 23
rd orbit, but failed again. The decision was made to return to
Earth, as the
Soyuz was equipped with batteries designed to last
about two days, and the craft lacked fuel to attempt to dock with the port on
the opposite side of the station.
Another problem of this mission was,
that
only rookies flew. The rules were changed, so that a rookie only
could fly together with a veteran cosmonaut. Until the mission of
Soyuz TM-19 this rule was not
changed again.
The
Soyuz spacecraft is composed of three elements
attached end-to-end - the Orbital Module, the Descent Module and the
Instrumentation/Propulsion Module. The crew occupied the central element, the
Descent Module. The other two modules are jettisoned prior to re-entry. They
burn up in the atmosphere, so only the Descent Module returned to Earth.
The
deorbit burn lasted 188 seconds. Having shed two-thirds of its mass, the
Soyuz reached Entry Interface - a point 400,000 feet
(121.9 kilometers) above the Earth, where friction due to the thickening
atmosphere began to heat its outer surfaces. With only 23 minutes left before
it lands on the grassy plains of central Asia, attention in the module turned
to slowing its rate of descent.
Eight minutes later, the spacecraft was
streaking through the sky at a rate of 755 feet (230 meters) per second. Before
it touched down, its speed slowed to only 5 feet (1.5 meter) per second, and it
lands at an even lower speed than that. Several onboard features ensure that
the vehicle and crew land safely and in relative comfort.
Four parachutes,
deployed 15 minutes before landing, dramatically slowed the vehicle's rate of
descent. Two pilot parachutes were the first to be released, and a drogue chute
attached to the second one followed immediately after. The drogue, measuring 24
square meters (258 square feet) in area, slowed the rate of descent from 755
feet (230 meters) per second to 262 feet (80 meters) per second.
The main
parachute was the last to emerge. It is the largest chute, with a surface area
of 10,764 square feet (1,000 square meters). Its harnesses shifted the
vehicle's attitude to a 30-degree angle relative to the ground, dissipating
heat, and then shifted it again to a straight vertical descent prior to
landing.
The main chute slowed the
Soyuz to a descent rate of only 24 feet (7.3 meters)
per second, which is still too fast for a comfortable landing. One second
before touchdown, two sets of three small engines on the bottom of the vehicle
fired, slowing the vehicle to soften the landing.
The premature return to
Earth was without additional more problems.