Doctorate of medicine from the University of Vermont Medical School, 1955; master of science in public health from Johns Hopkins University, 1958; he resigned for personal reasons and took a position with the State of Vermont Department of Health; later he had his own practice in Colchester, Vermont; in 1992 retired from the practice of medicine; he later wrote medical and science fiction novels which are summarized in his website at http://www.spacedoc.net.